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The following list is composed of items, techniques and processes that were invented by or discovered by people from Spain. Spain was an important center of knowledge during the medieval era. While most of western and southern Europe suffered from the collapse of the Roman Empire, although declining, some regions of the former empire, Hispania (the Iberian Peninsula), southern Italy, and the remainder of the Eastern Roman Empire or Byzantine Empire, did not to suffer from the full impact of the so-called Dark Ages when education collapsed with the collapse of the empire and most knowledge was lost. When Hispania and southern Italy were conquered by the Muslims, a new era of intellectual energy began in these regions driven by a belief of educated Muslims that viewed rationality and knowledge as a form of worship of Allah (God) because, as they saw it, by unlocking the mysteries of the universe we realize God's greatness and complexity. Islam had initially started out as a barbaric religion fighting jihad after jihad in its attempt to convert the masses to the teachings of Mohamed. These barbaric conquests were begun by the very prophet and founder of Islam himself. However, as the Muslims conquered the fertile crescent region and Iran, they began to discover the importance of knowledge. Conquests continued all the way to Hispania in the west and as far as India, the Philippines and Indonesia in the east, giving Muslims access to knowledge from many cultures, which they translated into Arabic and recorded in books for the use of their own scholars and philosophers and educated elites, who flourished in this period. Much of this knowledge was later translated by Christian and Jewish scholars in medieval Spain from Arabic into Latin and was spread through Europe. == Inventions from the Golden Age of Al Andalus == * Alcohol distillation * Animal Testing, first recorded use of animals for medical testing was done by Ibn Zuhr, known as Avenzoar, (1094-1162). * Antiseptics were in used as early as the 10th century in hospitals in Islamic Spain. Special protocols, in Al Andalus, were used to keep hygiene before and after surgery. * Botany, Spanish botanist, like Ibn al-Baitar, created hundreds of works/catalogs on the various plants in not only Europe but the Middle East, Africa and Asia. In these works many processes for extracting essential oils, drugs as well as their uses can be found. * Brass type movable printer press/first printing device in Europe, first invented in Muslim Spain 100 years prior to the invention of printing press, by Johannes Gutenburg of Germany, in 1454. * Ectopic pregnancy - first described by Al-Zahrawi (936–1013 AD). * Eye glasses, first invented by Ibn Firnas in the 9th century. 〔http://aboutibnfirnas.weebly.com/all-about-firnas.html〕 * Glass mirrors, used in Islamic Spain as early as 11th century - 200 years prior to the Venetians. * Inheritance of traits first proposed by Abu Al-Zahrawi (936–1013 AD) more than 800 years before Austrian monk, Mendel. Al-Zahrawi was first to record and suggest that hemophilia was an inherited disease. * Invention and design of first flying machine, by Ibn Firnas during the 9th century, about 800 years before Leonardo da Vinci. Firnas was said to have tested his machine from the top of the tallest minaret in Cordoba.〔 * Inhalation anesthesia, invented by al-Zahrawi and Ibn Zuhr. Used a sponge soaked with narcotic drugs and placed it on patients face. * Ligatures, described in the work of al-Zarawi (936-1013 AD), Kitab al-Tasrif, one of the most influential books in early modern medicine. Describes the process of performing a ligature on blood vessels. * Metronome, invented by Ibn Firnas (9th century) * Mercuric oxide, first synthesized by Abu al-Qasim al-Qurtubi al-Majriti (10th century). * Migraine surgery, first performed by al-Zahrawi (936–1013 AD). * Modern surgery. Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi (936–1013 AD), better known in the west as Albucasis, is regarded as the father of modern surgery and is the most quoted surgeon of all times. Albucasis invented over 200 tools for use in surgery - many still in use today. * Pathology - various Muslim physicians in Spain were crucial in the development of modern medicine. Pathology, obviously was an important development in medicine. The first correct proposal of the nature of disease was described by al-Zahrawi and Ibn Zuhr. * Pharmacopoeia (book of medicine). During the 14th century, the physician from Malaga, Ibn Baytar, wrote a pharmacopoeia naming over 1400 different drugs and their uses in medicine. This book was written 200years before the supposed first pharmacopoeia was written by German scholar in 1542. * Speed of sound, was proposed by physicist from Cordoba, Ibn Hazm (994-1064 AD). Ibn Hazm argued and calculated the speed of sound by echoes in the Mosque of Cordoba. He is also credited as being the first to propose that thunder was a production of lightening. * Spherical Earth Theory by Ibn Hazm (994-1064 AD). * Water and weight driven mechanical clocks, by Spanish Muslim engineers sometime between 900-1200 AD. According to historian Will Durant, a watch like device was invented by Ibn Firnas. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「List of Spanish inventions and discoveries」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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